University of Toronto – St. George Faculty of Arts & Science
Temperate House
CONIFERS
Many southern hemisphere conifers have broad, multi-veined leaves, in contrast to more familiar northern hemisphere conifers (such as pines, firs, spruces and cedars) that typically have needles or scales. Despite these shape differences, conifer leaves typically share these features: evergreen growth, chemical defenses such as tannins and resins, reduced surface area, thick cuticle and wax coatings.